Many modern scholars of Chinese history, and many Chinese intellectuals
throughout the twentieth century, have charged neo-Confucianism with laying the
ideological foundations for the growth of autocracy in China. They have
especially condemned neo-Confucian political thinkers of the Northern Sung
dynasty (960-1127) who promoted a policy of "revering the emperor and expelling
the barbarian" (tsun-wang jang-i), accusing them of having advocated a doctrine
of unconditional obedience to the ruler and thereby inhibiting the rise of
democracy in China. In Limits to Autocracy Alan T. Wood leads readers to a
reconsideration of this prevalent view by arguing that Sung neo-Confucianists
did not intend to enhance the power of the