Snow and ice environments support significant biological activity, yet the
biological importance of some of these habitats, such as glaciers, has only
recently gained appreciation. Collectively, these ecosystems form a significant
part of the cryosphere, most of which is situated at high latitudes. These ice
environments are important sentinels of climate change since the polar regions
are presently undergoing the highest rates of climate warming, resulting in very
marked changes in the extent of ice caps, glaciers, and the sea ice. Glacial
systems are also regarded as an analogue for astrobiology, particularly for Mars
and the moons of Jupiter (e.g. Europa), and one of the justifications for
research