As reproduction is seen as central to kinship and the biological link as the
primary bond between parents and their offspring, Western perceptions of kin
relations are primarily determined by ideas about "consanguinity", "genealogical
relations", and "genetic connections". Advocates of cultural constructivism have
taken issue with a concept that puts so much stress on heredity as being
severely biased by western ideas of kinship. Ethnosociologists in particular
developed alternative systems using indigenous categories. This symbolic
approach has, however, been rejected by some scholars as plagued by the problems
of the analytical separation of ideology from practice, of largely overlooking
relations of domination, and of ignoring the questions of